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1.1	Pronunciation of single letters: c, ch, g, j, h, ñ, r, t, v, b, x, z
1.2	Pronunciation of letter combinations: ch, ll, gu, gü, rr,
1.3	Vocabulary

2.0	Articles and formation of the plural - an introduction
2.1	la, el, lo, las, los
2.2	Formation of the plural form
2.3	Exercise (formation of plural form)
2.4	Vocabulary
2.5	Neutral article in Spanish
2.6	Indefinite article
2.7	Adjectives are in gender and number in accordance with the respective noun
2.8	exercise with adjectives

3.1	Verbs - an introduction
3.2	Personal pronouns
3.3	Verbs ending with -ar
3.4	Verbs ending with -ir
3.5	Verbs ending with -er
3.6	Exercise (conjugation of verbs I)
3.7	Irregular verbs
3.8	Some important prepositions
3.9	Negation
3.10	Exercise (preposition, personal pronouns, verbs in singular. Spanish - English)
3.11	Exercise (preposition, personal pronouns, verbs in singular, English - Spanish)
3.12	Vocabulary

4.1	What is declension?
4.2	Use of prepositions
4.3	del and al
4.4	Exercise (prepositions)
4.5	Declension of pronouns (direct and indirect object)
4.6	Exercise (declension of personal pronouns)
4.7	le and lo
4.8	Exercise (leísmo, le instead of lo)
4.9	Direct and indirect object together
4.10	Exercise (direct and indirect object together)
4.11	Reflexive pronouns
4.12	Accentuated personal pronouns
4.13	Exercise (reflexive pronouns and accentuated personal pronouns)
4.14	Append the pronoun to infinitive verbs, gerunds and the imperative tense
4.15	Usted and Ustedes
4.16	Exercise (prepositions and appended personal pronouns)
4.17	Redundant personal pronoun
4.18	Personal direct object with a
4.19	Exercise (personal direct object with a, redundant personal pronouns)

5.1	Basic rules
5.2	The accent as non diacritical mark
5.3	Exercise (accent rules)
5.4	Exercise (formation of plural, conjugation in present tense)

6.1	Tenses - an introduction
6.2	Tenses in English language
6.3	Formation of "pretérito imperfecto"
6.4	Formation of "pretérito indefinido"
6.5	Difference between "pretérito imperfecto" and "pretérito indefinido"
6.6	Exercise (conjugation of pretérito imperfecto)
6.7	Exercise (conjugation of pretérito indefinido)
6.8	Vocabulary
6.9	Exercise (difference indefinido vs. imperfecto)
6.10	Some important irregular verbs
6.11	Exercise (difference indefinido vs. imperfecto)
6.12	Vocabulary
6.13	Exercise (conjugation of irregular verbs)

7.1	Introduction to compound tenses
7.2	Modal verb haber and perfect participle
7.3	Formation of pretérito perfecto, pretérito plusquamperfecto and pretérito anterior
7.4	Use of pretérito perfecto, pretérito indefinido and pretérito imperfecto
7.5	Exercise (indefinido, imperfecto, perfecto)
7.6	Use of pretérito plusquamperfecto
7.7	Exercise (pretérito plusquamperfecto)
7.8	Use of pretérito anterior
7.9	Exercise (conjugation of compound past tenses)

9.1	Subjunctive
9.1.1	The Spanish subjuntivo
9.1.2	Formation of the subjuntivo
9.1.3	Use of the subjuntivo
9.1.4	Subjuntivo after verbs of desire
9.1.5	Subjuntivo in relative clauses specifying nada, nadie and ninguno
9.1.6	Subjuntivo after impersonal phrases of uncertainty, doubt, happiness, compassion, surprise, recommendation, intend or necessity
9.1.7	Different meanings of some conjunctions depending on the verb mode used (indicativo / subjuntivo)
9.1.8	Conjunctions that always use the subjuntivo
9.1.9	Subjuntivo in relative clauses that contain a desire
9.1.10	Donde with subjuntivo or indicativo
9.2.	Conditional
9.2.1	Formation of the conditonal
9.2.2	Conditional clauses
9.2.3	Realis
9.2.4	Irrealis of the present tense
9.2.5	Irrealis of the past tense
9.2.6	Conditional as mode of politeness
9.2.7	Conditional with an "imagined" condition
9.3	Imperative
9.4	Vocabulary and exercises
9.4.1	Vocabulary
9.4.2	Exercise (formation of subjuntivo)
9.4.3	Exercise (use of subjuntivo)
9.4.4	Exercise (formation of condicional)
9.4.5	Exercise (use of Realis)
9.4.6	Exercise (use of Irrealis in present tense)
9.4.7	Exercise (use of Irrealis in past tense)
9.4.8	Exercise formation of the imperative
9.5	Sequence of tenses

10.1	Possessive pronouns - an introduction
10.2	Accentuated and unaccented possessive pronouns
10.3	Exercise (possessive pronouns)

11.1	Formation of demonstrative pronoun
11.2	Demonstrative pronoun used as adjectives
11.3	Neutral demonstrative pronoun
11.4	Demonstrative pronoun used as noun
11.5	Vocabulary
11.6	Exercise (demonstrative pronouns)

12.1	Prepositions - an introduction
12.1.2	a used as a local preposition
12.1.3	a used with indirect object
12.1.4	a used for giving the time
12.1.5	a used with some verbs (ir, aprender etc.) infinitives for adding infinitives
12.1.6	other phrases with a
12.2	en
12.2.1	en used with modes of transport
12.3	por (I to VIII)
12.3.1	Expression of reason, motif, attitude or intent: por
12.3.2	Expression of reason, motif, attitude or intent: para
12.3.3	Stating facts
12.3.4	Stating facts or expressing attitude?
12.3.5	Tool, means, local definition
12.3.6	Timely definition
12.3.7	Stating prices
12.3.8	Substitution, change, mixing things
12.4	de (I to VI)
12.4.1	de means of or from
12.4.2	de used to form the genitive
12.4.3	de meaning from
12.4.4	de in adverbial clauses
12.4.5	de vs. por
12.5	para
12.5.1	para meaning direction
12.5.2	para in infinitive constructions
12.6	con
12.6.1	conmigo, contigo, consigo
12.7	contra
12.8	bajo & debajo
12.9	ante, antes & delante de
12.10	entre
12.11	hacia
12.12	hasta
12.13	desde, hace, desde hace
12.13.1	desde in figurative sense
12.13.2	use of desde
12.13.3	use of hace
12.13.4	desde hace and hace... que
12.14	a través de
12.15	cerca (de)
12.16	dentro
12.17	en frente, al frente
12.18	junto a, al lado de
12.19	durante
12.20	gracias a
12.21	menos
12.22	según
12.23	tras, detrás de, después de
12.24	alrededor de
12.25	de acuerdo con
12.26	en la medida
12.27	encima de
12.28	a lo largo de
12.29	fuera de
12.30	lejos de
12.31	entre
12.32	Vocabulary
12.33	Vocabulary
12.34	Vocabulary
12.35	Exercise (prepositions)

13.1.	Adverbs
13.1.1.	Original adverbs
13.2.	Adverbs of local relations
13.2.I	lejos
13.2.2	arriba
13.2.3	abajo
13.2.4	atrás
13.2.5	enfrente
13.2.6	detras
13.2.7	delante
13.2.8	encima
13.2.9	abajo, debajo , bajo por debajo, por abajo
13.2.10	arriba, encima, sobre, por encima, por arriba
13.2.11	de cerca
13.3	Adverbs that indicate how something is done (13.3 to 13.3.6)
13.3.1	mal
13.3.2	bien
13.3.3	mejor
13.3.4	peor
13.3.5	tan
13.3.6	asi
13.4	Adverbs of timely relation (I to
I)
13.4.1	ahora
13.4.2	hasta ahora
13.4.3	mañana
13.4.4	hasta mañana
13.4.5	anoche
13.4.6	de antemano
13.4.7	ayer
13.4.8	anteayer
13.4.9	hoy mismo
13.4.10	a menudo
13.4.11	siempre
13.4.12	de repente
13.4.13	en seguida
13.4.14	recien
13.4.15	entretanto
13.4.16	todavía
13.4.17	todavía no
13.4.18	tarde
13.4.19	pronto
13.4.20	hace poco
13.4.21	aún
13.5	Adverbs that express opposites, consequences and how things are done (I to XVI)
13.5.1	sin embargo
13.5.2	no obstante
13.5.3	por lo tanto
13.5.4	por lo menos
13.5.5	al menos
13.5.6	desde luego
13.5.7	siquiera
13.5.8	ni siquiera
13.5.9	cuando menos
13.5.10	más bien
13.5.11	por poco
13.5.12	poco a poco
13.5.13	un poco
13.5.14	lo de menos
13.5.15	más o menos
13.5.16	apenas
13.6.	Adverbs expressing quality or quantity (I to VI)
13.6.1	muy
13.6.2	mucho
13.6.3	poco
13.6.4	algo
13.7.	Other adverbs (I to VI)
13.7.1	igual
13.7.2	sólo
13.7.3	ya
13.7.4	ya no
13.7.5	medio
13.7.6	acas
13.8.	Derived adverbs (I to IV)
13.8.1	Adjective as an alternative to an adverb
13.8.2	Adjective instead of an adverb
13.8.3	Different meaning of adjective and adverb
13.8.4	Adverbial clauses as substitute for adverbs
13.9.	Comparative clauses (I to IV)
13.9.1	The Spanish comparative
13.9.1a	Equality = ... tan (tanto) + adjective (noun) + como ....
13.9.1b	Superiority = ... más (más) + adjective (noun) + que ....
13.9.Ic	Subordination = ... menos (menos) + adjective (noun) + que ....
13.9.2	Superlative
13.9.2.a	Relative superlative with superiority = ... el / la + más + adjective +de
13.9.2.b	Relative superlative with subordination = ... el / la + más + adjective +de
13.9.3	Elative
13.9.3.a	Formation of the elative with an adverb (muy, sumamente etc.)
13.9.3.b	Formation of the elative with ísimo
13.9.4	Specialties
13.10	Vocabulary
13.11	Exercise (adverbs)

14.1	Conjunctions - an introduction
14.2	Conjunctions
14.2	y
14.2	no sólo...sino que también
14.2	tanto ... como
14.2	también
14.2	tampoco
14.2	como tampoco
14.2	cuanto más ... mayor
14.2	cuanto más ... menor
14.2	cuanto más ... tanto menos
14.2	más de lo que
14.2	ahora que
14.2	a pesar de que
14.2	desde que
14.2	después que
14.2	no obstante
14.2	puesto que
14.2	ni...ni
14.2	tan pronto como
14.2	sea que... sea que
14.2	por una parte... por otra parte
14.2	sin embargo
14.2	si
14.2	en cambio
14.2	pero
14.2	por más que
14.2	de manera que
14.2	por mucho que
14.2	de todos modos
14.2	por lo menos
14.2	a fin que
14.2	a condición de que
14.2	mientras
14.2	sino
14.2	por lo tanto
14.2	por eso
14.2	antes (de) que
14.2	después (de) que
14.2	cuando
14.2	a fin de que
14.2	siempre que
14.2	sin que
14.2	aunque ..., no obstante
14.2	nada más
14.2	a falta de que
14.2	a raíz de que
14.2	pero si ahora
14.2	tantas veces como
14.2	una vez que
14.2	además
14.2	encima de
14.2	tanto como
14.2	tan como
14.2	aun a riesgo de que
14.2	aun cuando
14.2	aun suponiendo que
14.2	debido a
14.3	Vocabulary
14.4	Vocabulary
14.5	Vocabulary
14.6	gustar
14.7	Exercise (conjunctions)
14.8	Exercise (imperative)
14.9	Exercise (conditional clauses)
14.10	Exercise (ser & estar)
14.11	Exercise (poder & saber)
14.12	Exercise (passive)
14.13	Exercise (imperfecto or indefinido)
14.14	Exercise (plusquamperfecto & indefinido)
14.15	Exercise (indefinido or pretérito perfecto)
14.16	Exercise (stressed & unaccented possessive pronouns)
14.17	Exercise (demonstrative pronouns used as adjective and as noun)
14.18	Exercise (comparative)
14.19	Exercise (adverbs)
14.20	Exercise (gerundio)

15.1	Relative clauses - an introduction
15.2	Relative pronouns in Spanish, basic form and as direct object (reference is made to single objects)
15.2.1	Relative pronouns in Spanish, with prepositions (reference is made to single objects)
15.3.	Relative pronouns referring to a larger context
15.3.1	Without prepositions
15.3.2	With prepositions
15.4	Relative pronouns of genitive object - cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas
15.5	Relative adverbs: donde, como, todo, cuando
15.5.1	donde
15.5.2	donde with indicativo and donde with subjuntivo
15.5.3	como
15.6	Vocabulary
15.7	Vocabulary
15.8	Exercise (relative pronouns)
15.9	Exercise (conjunctions)

16.1	Interrogative pronouns - an introduction
16.2	quién
16.3	cuál
16.4	qué
16.5	cómo
16.6	cuánta, cuánto, cuántas, cuántos
16.7	por qué
16.8	dónde
16.9	Interrogative pronouns in exclamations
16.10	gustar
16.11	Vocabulary
16.12	Exercise

17.1	Verbs of changes - an introduction
17.2	Overview over the system
17.3	volverse
17.4	convertirse en
17.5	ponerse
17.6	hacerse
17.7	quedarse
17.8	Focussing on the change
17.9	resultar
17.10	llegar a ser
17.11	Vocabulary
17.12	Vocabulary
17.13	Vocabulary
17.14	Exercise (verbs of changes)

18.1	Cardinal numbers
18.1.1	veinticinco and diecisiete, but treinta y tres and cuarenta y ocho
18.1.2	un, uno, una
18.1.3	ciento
18.1.4	ciento in plural forms
18.1.5	Singulars on the hundred
18.1.6	mil and millión in plural form
18.1.7	un millón de
18.1.8	no un before cien and mil
18.1.9	More examples
18.2	Ordinal numbers
18.2.1	Ordinal numbers change
18.2.2	Ordinal numbers from 1 to hundred
18.2.3	Ordinal numbers beyond one hundred
18.2.4	Use of cardinal numbers instead of ordinal numbers
18.2.5	Every single element of an ordinal number is changed
18.3	Fractions
18.3.1	Formation of fractions
18.3.2	In Latin America fractions are used as ordinal numbers
18.3.3	Fractions are masculine, appended with de
18.3.4	Plural of fractions
18.4	Collective numbers
18.5	Vocabulary
18.6	Exercise (cardinal numbers)
18.7	Exercise (ordinal numbers)
18.8	Exercise (fractions)

19.1	Expressions of time - an introduction
19.1.1	Expressions of time in Spanish
19.1.2	Asking the time
19.1.3	Expressions of time in connection with prepositions
19.2	Expressions of date
19.2.1	Expressions of date in connection with prepositions
19.2.2	Months
19.2.3	Expressions of dates with years
19.2.4	Giving a date with the weekday
19.3	Week days
19.4	Dates in centuries and decades
19.5	Seasons
19.6	Vocabulary
19.7	Exercise (expressions of time)
19.8	Exercise (expressions of date)

20.1	Modal verbs - an introduction
20.1.1	Modal verbs with compound past tenses I
20.1.2	Modal verbs with compound past tenses II
20.1.3	Modal verbs with compound past tenses III
20.1.4	No difference in simple (not compound) tenses
20.2	must / to have to = tener que
20.2.1	Unclear degree of freedom of choice
20.2.2	No freedom of choice
20.2.3	Freedom of choice depending on the demanding person
20.2.4	No freedom of choice, if the room for manoeuvre is determined by a logical consequence
20.2.5	tener que and have to with very limited freedom of choice
20.3.	shall = deber
20.3.1	should with moral duty
20.3.2	Determination of the degree of freedom of choice
20.3.3	should and have to in negative clauses
20.3.4	The demanding person as representative of a powerful authority
20.3.5	deber, if there is room for manoeuvre
20.3.2	tener que and deber depending on attitude
20.3.7	deber, if used for moral principles
20.3.8	deber as expression of presumptions
20.4	deber in conjuntivo
20.5	Cases that allow should and have to / must
20.6	Summary I
20.7	Summary II (tener que and deber in the conjunctive tense)
20.8	hay que
20.9	haber de
20.10	poder
20.11	poder as expression of presumptions
20.12	no hay que, tener que, no hace falta que
20.13	no hay que with definite subject
20.14	basta que
20.15	may
20.16	might
20.17	querer
20.18	querer in interrogative clauses
20.19	Summary III
20.20	Vocabulary
20.21	Vocabulary
20.22	Exercise (modal verbs in compound past tenses)
20.23	Exercise (tener que, deber, hay que)
20.24	Exercise (need, may)
20.25	Repetition
20.25.1	Exercise (demonstrative pronouns) Info: see chapter 10
20.25.2	Exercise (possessive pronouns) Info: see chapter 10
20.25.3	Exercise (prepositions) Info: see chapter 10
20.25.4	Exercise (comparative) Info: see chapter 13
20.25.5	Exercise (conjunctions) Info: see chapter 14
20.25.6	Exercise (relative clauses) Info: see chapter 15
20.25.7	Exercise (interrogative clauses) Info: see chapter 16

21.1	Future tenses
21.1.1	Formation of future I
21.1.2	Use of future I
21.1.3	Future I as imperative
21.1.4	Future I as expression of uncertainty
21.1.5	Future I as anticipation of the opinion of the discussion partner
21.2	Irregular verbs in future tense
21.3	Do not use future tense after cuando
21.4	Future II
21.4.1	Formation of future II
21.4.2	Use of future II: description of an action that will be finished in the future
21.4.3	Presumption about events of the past
21.4.4	Possible tenses after cuando and si
21.5	Vocabulary
21.6	Exercise (future I)
21.7	Exercise (future II)
21.8	Repetition
21.8.1	Exercise (get, become, turn)
21.8.2	Exercise (date and time)
21.8.3	Exercise (numerals)

22.1	Reported speech consecutio temporum
22.1.1	Reported speech in English
22.1.2	Reported speech in Spanish
22.1.3	Imperative tense in reported speech
22.2	Sequence of tenses
22.3	Consecutio temporum in general and reported speech
22.4	Hypothetical or real?
22.5	Vocabulary
22.6	Exercise (reported speech)
22.7	Exercise (imperative tense in reported speech)
22.8	Exercise (consecutio temporum after verbs like pensar, creer, saber, presumir etc.
22.9	Exercise (consecutio temporum after verbs, that require indicativo and verbs that require subjuntivo)

23.0	Suffixes - an introduction
23.1	diminutivo
23.1.1	Formation of diminutivo with -ito
23.1.2	Nouns with -ito
23.1.3	Adjectives with -ito
23.1.4	Adverbs with -ito
23.1.5	Formation of diminutivo with -cito
23.1.6	Nouns with -cito
23.1.7	Adjectives with -cito
23.1.8	Words of single syllables form the diminutivo with -ecito
23.1.9	Formation of diminutivo with -illo
23.2	Aumentativo
23.2.1	Formation of aumentativo with -ón
23.2.2	Formation of aumentativo with -azo
23.2.3	Formation of aumentativo with -ote
23.3	despectivo
23.4	Exercise (diminutivo and aumentativo)
23.5	Exercise (aumentativo)

24.1	Irregular verbs - an introduction
24.2	Verbs that change their stem in imperfecto
24.3	Genuine irregular verbs
24.3.1	Some forms get a g: tener
24.3.2	concluir
24.3.3	c changes to zc before e and o: conocer
24.3.4	e changes to ie: pensar
24.3.5	o changes to ue: dormir
24.3.6	e changes to i: medi
24.3.7	i changes to ie: adquirir
24.3.8	j and g are added: traer
24.4	Derived irregular verbs
24.4.1	c changes to qu: buscar
24.4.2	g changes to gu: pagar
24.4.3	c changes to z: esparcir
24.4.4	g changes to j: dirigir
24.4.5	gu changes to g: distinguir
24.4.6	i changes to y: atribuir
24.5	Exercise (conjugation)

8.1	Conjugation of ser and estar
8.2	Use of ser for description of characteristics
8.3	Use of ser for giving the time
8.4	Use of ser for passive voice (process passive)
8.5	Use of estar in differentiation to ser
8.6	Estar when relating to a location
8.7	Use of estar in special constructions
8.8	Use of estar for passive voice (status passive)
8.9	Formation of passive voice with reflexive verbs
8.10	Somebody/they vs. passive voice
8.11	Gerund
8.12	Formation of gerund
8.13	Estar with gerundio I
8.14	Estar with gerundio II
8.15	Seguir/continuar with gerundio
8.16	Ir with gerundio
8.17	Gerundio in adverbial expressions
8.18	Gerundio in shortened subordinate clauses
8.19	Position of the pronoun when using the gerund
8.20	Difference of hay and estar
8.21	Vocabulary
8.22	Exercise

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